Guangzhou disease control： the level of influenza activity has obviously increased, and influenza A and B viruses are common.
At present, the temperature in winter is changeable, cold and hot, and respiratory infectious diseases such as influenza enter the high-incidence season.
According to the press conference of the National Health and Wellness Committee, at present, with the continuous winter in various places, respiratory diseases have entered a period of high incidence. Monitoring shows that influenza is the main infectious disease of respiratory tract recently. In addition, there are rhinovirus, mycoplasma pneumoniae, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus and so on.
Recent monitoring in Guangzhou shows that acute respiratory infectious diseases mainly caused by influenza and mycoplasma pneumoniae are active, and respiratory infections caused by rhinovirus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus and other common respiratory pathogens are intertwined. In particular, the level of influenza activity has increased significantly. At present, influenza A (H3N2 subtype) and influenza B (Victoria strain) are prevalent at the same time, and influenza is gradually entering the winter epidemic period.
How to judge which pathogen is infected? Influenza, mycoplasma pneumoniae and respiratory syncytial virus infection will all have symptoms such as cough and fever. How to distinguish them?
flu
Influenza is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by influenza virus. Influenza patients and recessive infected people are the main sources of influenza infection, and the transmission route is mainly droplet transmission, but also through direct or indirect contact with mucous membranes such as mouth, nose and eyes.
The incubation period is 1-4 days, and the acute onset is mainly manifested as fever (high fever can occur in some cases, reaching 39-40℃), cough, sore throat, headache, myalgia and general malaise, and there may be symptoms such as chills, chills, aches and pains in muscles and joints all over the body, fatigue and loss of appetite. Some patients may be accompanied by vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea, which are more common in children.
Influenza patients generally have a good prognosis. After 3-4 days of onset, their body temperature gradually subsides and their systemic symptoms improve. However, children, the elderly, people with basic diseases, obese people and pregnant women are prone to develop into severe diseases after infection, so they should be treated promptly.
Vaccination with influenza vaccine can effectively reduce infection, even if it is infected, it can also reduce the incidence, and even if it is infected, it can also reduce the severity of the disease.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the smallest known microorganism that can live independently between bacteria and viruses. It is mainly transmitted by droplets and direct contact, and the population is generally susceptible, especially in children and adolescents over 5 years old. Usually, when the seasons change, for example, when summer turns to autumn or autumn turns to winter, there may be local and short-lived clustering epidemics.
The incubation period is 2-3 weeks, and the main symptoms are similar to those of most respiratory diseases, with fever and cough as the main symptoms. Generally, the cough is severe, and it may last for 1-2 weeks after the fever has gone down. After children are infected with mycoplasma, most of them show upper respiratory tract infection, a small number of them are lower respiratory tract infection (possibly bronchitis or pneumonia), and a small number of them may develop into severe mycoplasma pneumonia.
Generally speaking, after mycoplasma infection, there will be no repeated infection in a short period of time (1-2 months). It should be noted that if the symptoms of infection recur, it is often that the last mycoplasma pneumoniae infection did not heal, and the local lesions were not completely removed and secondary infection occurred.
At present, there is no vaccine to prevent mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. If you have fever accompanied by severe cough, you should see a doctor in time, find out the cause as soon as possible, standardize the treatment, and avoid using drugs blindly.
Respiratory syncytial virus
Respiratory syncytial virus is a common and highly contagious RNA virus. Spread through droplets and close contact, or spread through contaminated hands and surfaces.
The incubation period is usually 2-8 days, and detoxification can last for 1-3 weeks. Patients often have upper respiratory symptoms after infection, and the typical symptoms of children infected with syncytial virus are fever, cough, stuffy nose and runny nose. The typical symptoms of adult infection are very similar to the common cold, such as low-grade fever, cough, stuffy nose and runny nose.
Most patients’ symptoms will disappear spontaneously within 1-2 weeks, and a small number can develop into lower respiratory tract infection (i.e. bronchiolitis or pneumonia), which is more common in young infants. Clinical symptoms include cough and wheezing.
At present, there are no syncytial virus vaccines and special therapeutic drugs on the market in China. Syncytial virus can be repeatedly infected and easily spread at home, and infection can be prevented by strengthening personal protection and other measures.
Rhinovirus
Rhinovirus is one of the main pathogens causing the common cold. Mainly through direct contact and droplet transmission; Infants, the elderly and immunocompromised people are susceptible to rhinovirus.
The incubation period is 2-5 days, and the clinical manifestations are mainly runny nose, sneezing, throat discomfort, nasal congestion, cough, mild sore throat, low or slightly elevated body temperature, often accompanied by sinusitis and otitis media. Although rhinovirus infection can gain immunity, it lasts for a short time, so people can be infected with rhinovirus repeatedly.
At present, there is no specific prevention and treatment method. The patient’s condition is generally self-limited, with mild symptoms and can be cured in a week or so.
adenovirus
Adenovirus is not a new virus, it is a common virus that causes respiratory infection in children, and it is the main cause of community-acquired pneumonia in children. It can spread through droplets, close contact and fecal-oral route, and can also spread through water. Babies over 6 months old, school-age children and immunocompromised people are the high-risk groups of adenovirus infection.
The course of disease is usually 5-7 days, but the symptoms may last for up to 2 weeks, which may be complicated with bacterial infection. Symptoms vary according to the affected parts, and may include: fever, sore throat, runny nose, cough, earache, conjunctivitis (also known as "red eye"), diarrhea and hoarseness.
Adenovirus infection is mostly self-limited and supportive treatment is adopted. Antiviral therapy is usually only used for severe adenovirus disease, and most of these patients have impaired immune function.
At present, there is no adenovirus vaccine in China, and the prevention of adenovirus infection mainly focuses on hygiene, especially hand hygiene.
How to scientifically prevent respiratory diseases in daily life?
1. Wash your hands frequently. Wash your hands with soap or hand sanitizer and flowing water. Cover your mouth and nose with a handkerchief or paper towel when sneezing or coughing to avoid polluting your hands and the surrounding environment.
2. More ventilation. Keep the indoor air circulating, and generally ventilate 2-3 times a day at home in winter for about 30 minutes each time.
3. gather less. During the epidemic of infectious diseases in winter and spring, try not to go to crowded places and avoid contact with patients with respiratory diseases. It is recommended to wear masks when you need to go.
4. Drink plenty of boiled water. Keep the nasal mucosa moist, effectively resist the invasion of viruses, and also facilitate the excretion of toxins in the body and purify the environment in the body.
5. Eat a balanced diet and exercise properly to enhance your physical fitness (outdoor activities should be reduced in foggy days).
6. Vaccinate. Vaccine is an effective means to prevent related infectious diseases. For infectious diseases such as influenza, chickenpox and mumps, susceptible people can be prevented by vaccination in advance.
7. Once infected with infectious diseases in winter and spring, patients should take hospitalization or rest at home according to their illness and doctor’s advice, and avoid participating in group activities and entering public places during this period. Resume daily activities such as going to school and going to work after it is not contagious.
Source: "Guangzhou CDC I Health" WeChat WeChat official account